Deadly Compassion Essay

Euthanasia means â€Å"good death†. It must not be misunderstood to mean simply killing he elderly. The purpose of euthanasia is to relieve the terrible suffering and pain of a terminally ill person with an incurable disease. The cause of euthanasia is compassion. Deadly Compassion There are many ways to euthanize. Some of the more common ways in the recent past: * Suffocation with a plastic bag, most of the time (but not all of the time) drugging the patient first. * Gassing them to death with carbon monoxide: not even approved for putting down a dog or executing a convicted murderer * Lethal injection, but families are not usually allowed to watch because of what the cool poison does to a person as it slides down the bloodstream. True, many people experience pain, pain that I could not imagine. But at twelve years of age, I watched as cancer ravaged my father’s body. He died from advanced stage malignant melanoma, using the selfless care of hospice workers and the anesthetic effects of morphine to die with true dignity. Termanally ill patients DO NOT have to die a painful death. Modern technology has made the passing of millions much less painless than anytime in the past. Proponents of euthanasia exploit our natural fear of an excruciating death by ignoring this technology. This deadly compassion will end up giving the Grim Reaper one more tool, and in the hands of greedy relatives, uncaring doctors, and less-than-thorough legislatures, the choas demonstrated in the Netherlands will be mirrored in every country that gives doctors the power to end their patients’ lives. The causes of euthanasia are a desire to end suffering and the viewpoint of having mercy on the suffering person by ending his or her life. Euthanasia is when a person is assisted in suicide because he or she can no longer stand the suffering that he or she is incurring. Proponents for euthanasia believe that it is a merciful and humane way to end life, instead of watching someone suffer. Opponents to euthanasia believe that people’s lives should be respected to natural death and should not be taken prematurely. Euthanasia is assisted suicide. In animals, it is often referred to as â€Å"putting to sleep.† For people, it is a crime. I’m not sure what causes of euthanasia would be, exactly, since it isn’t a disease but rather an action. Someone would commit euthanasia, or help someone commit suicide, if that person were sick or dying. A famous example of this was Dr. Kevorkian. For animals, euthanasia happens when animals are sick or if an animal shelter ha s too many animals to care for. The effect of euthanasia is death. Euthanasia is a desperate act that comes in many forms according to the definitions below. Consider the motifs when considering causes. Each case has its own circumstances and many ethical, moral, and legal considerations are taken into account. The purpose is to relieve suffering of an individual or animal and a difficult judgement is at stake. There are many controversial issues in regard to religion also. Euthanasia: the intentional killing by act or omission of a dependent human being for his or her alleged benefit. (The key word here is â€Å"intentional†. If death is not intended, it is not an act of euthanasia) Voluntary euthanasia: When the person who is killed has requested to be killed. Non-voluntary: When the person who is killed made no request and gave no consent. Involuntary euthanasia: When the person who is killed made an expressed wish to the contrary. Assisted suicide: Someone provides an individual with the information, guidance, and means to take his or her own life with the intention that they will be used for this purpose. When it is a doctor who helps another person to kill themselves it is called â€Å"physician assisted suicide.† Euthanasia By Action: Intentionally causing a person’s death by performing an action such as by giving a lethal injection. Euthanasia By Omission: Intentionally causing death by not providing necessary and ordinary (usual and customary) care or food and water.

Parent Involvement in Education

Children learn first at home with the support and encouragement from their parents. When your child becomes a student, as a parent you still need to be involved inside and outside the classroom. Attending school sponsored functions, working in the classroom as a volunteer, monitoring homework and communicating with your child about their day are features that will express to your child the need for them to succeed. But why is parent involvement important in education? The answer to this research question will be sought out by using different internet sources. Articles will include general information about parent involvement, not looking at specific states or countries. I have been in a classroom since childhood. With my experiences in college I have seen parents who are involved and those who are not. As a coach in a neighboring district from my hometown I have been able to compare and contrast the amount of parent involvement between districts. Introduction As parents, children learn and grow from the encouragement and guidance that is given to them along the way. The definition of parent involvement is extensive and includes different aspects of education and how parents participate in their children’s lives in and outside of school. The research paper will attempt to explain the importance of parent involvement in education through research done using different internet sources. Throughout the research report readers will see that parent involvement in directly related with student achievement. The level of achievement is apparent due to the amount of time and effort that parent put into being present in their child’s education inside and outside the classroom. When presenting the information the positive outcome will be apparent but the obstacles that hinder the benefits need to be address. These issues include the current rising number of single parents that have to work two to three jobs in order to support their family and the amount of effort that teachers and schools put into providing opportunities for parents to become involved at school. Research included in the report will include information provided by the Michigan Department of Education. The information includes Joyce Epstein of John Hopkins University six types of parent involvement that benefits your child and the National PTA’s six types and created six national standards for parent involvement that branched from Epstein’s. Epstein’s six types include parenting, communicating, volunteering, learning at homes, decision making and collaborating with community. The National PTA’s standards include communicating, parenting, student learning, volunteering, school decision making and advocacy and collaborating with community. Parent involvement is an issue that all are concerned will affect the future of world. President Obama recently proposed to improve our education system. His speech to teachers, parents and students included an address of parent involvement. Proposed Program Research will begin with collecting information from different internet sources. Information retrieved from sources will be reviewed. Four questions will be evaluated when determining appropriate information. * What are the types of parent involvement? How does parent involvement effect student achievement? * How can teachers/schools help encourage parent involvement? * What are obstacles of parent involvement? The information gathered will be the fundamental information to apply to the research report. Due to school being out of session and time constraints, observation of students’ achievement due to parent involvement is not suitable. Qualifications and Experience Growing up with a mother as a teacher, a lot of my life has been spent inside a classroom. Volunteering in the classroom and at school sponsored event I have seen the decline of parent involvement. Within the past five years the amount of parents and/or family members that bring students to events has dropped drastically. I have seen children bring their book bags to school with the previous days notes still inside, untouched. Witnessing my mother touch lives of children has led me into the same profession. My college education courses have given me the opportunity to observe students at Freeland Middle School and Willie E. Thompson Middle School. Parent involvement showed through the amount of homework turned in by students. Patterns developed with students’ overtime. Attending a district for thirteen years and now coaching in the neighboring district I have seen differentiation in parent involvement numbers. My district is multi-cultural and predominantly poor to middle class. The district I coach in is mostly Caucasians and middle class. When these two schools play each other in sporting events the amount of parent, family and community support is evident.

What Does It Take to Get Into the University of Colorado--Boulder?

Breathtaking vistas. Exceptional academics. Outdoor adventure. These are just a few of the reasons that students choose the University of Colorado–Boulder to pursue their educations. Widely regarded as one of the most beautiful colleges in the U.S., this institution offers dozens of academic programs in a range of fields, along with ample varsity sports and extracurriculars. It’s also one of the world’s most exciting centers for research and innovation. Wondering if the University of Colorado–Boulder is the school for you? Find out what it takes to get into this institution, along with important dates and deadlines for your application. If your college journey is taking you to the Centennial State, it pays to do your research regarding important dates and deadlines. Students hoping to matriculate at the University of Colorado–Boulder need to apply by November 15th for Early Action and January 15th for Regular Decision . They also need to submit the following application materials: Note that you can request an application fee waiver on the Common Application. The University of Colorado–Boulder has a relatively high acceptance rate. Of the 36,000 students who applied to CU Boulder last year, the university accepted around 29,000, for an acceptance rate of approximately 80%. So, if your heart is set on attending this university, the good news is you have a high likelihood of getting in. If you’re planning to apply to this Western institution, you will be required to select a major program. Some colleges and programs at CU Boulder are more competitive than others, so read up on the academic requirements for your particular major prior to applying. Consider whether your current GPA and test scores are in the admissions range or if you need to take some steps to improve your academic standing before applying. Note that applicants not selected for admission in the business, environmental design, media, communication and information, music, or engineering programs are automatically considered for admission to the College of Arts and Sciences. So even if you aren’t selected for your first choice program, you can still be accepted to the university. Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. CU Boulder prides itself on practicing a holistic admission review process when evaluating potential students. Along with considering academic factors like GPA and test scores, the University of Colorado–Boulder strives to assess each applicant as an individual by looking at extracurriculars, after-school jobs, leadership activities, as well as any extenuating circumstances. In particular, the University of Colorado–Boulder evaluates essays and letters of recommendation to determine the ways in which a student contributed to their school and community. The goal is to determine which students would be successful in the school’s competitive learning environment. With regard to academic achievement, CU Boulder seeks out students who excelled at the high school level. For 2018, the middle 50% of accepted freshmen boasted GPAs between 3.49 and 4.0 with percentile ranks between 68% and 93%. The school also favors applicants who challenged themselves by taking advanced, honors, AP, and IB courses, while satisfying its Minimum Academic Preparation Standards (MAPS). The required coursework includes: CU Boulder also puts a strong emphasis on test scores. For 2018, the average SAT scores for admitted freshmen ranged from 1180 to 1370. Students who took the ACT earned between a 26 and a 31.   Because student essays play such a crucial role in CU Boulder admissions decisions, it pays to invest extra time and effort into this component of your application. The university expresses a preference for students who don’t submit cookie cutter essays. Instead, students should write about topics that are meaningful to them and use personal anecdotes to get their points across. Along with showcasing excellent written communication skills, essays should be honest and engaging. The goal is to convey the journey that has brought you to this point, even if there were some bumps along the way. Additionally, aspiring CU Boulder students can get a leg up on the competition by focusing on their leadership efforts. Did you hold a position on student council? Chair a committee for your high school’s National Honor Society? Coach a youth sports team? The most competitive students shine in both their schools and their towns. Finally, University of Colorado–Boulder students may be able to gain an academic edge by taking the SAT more than once. Because CU Boulder is one of a number of schools that superscores the SAT—meaning it takes the highest score for each section regardless of testing attempt—students may be able to improve their profiles by taking the test again. No one likes to feel like they failed at something they set out to achieve. Unfortunately, rejection is a natural part of the admissions process, and very few people accomplish all their goals the first time around. Though you may feel like sulking for a few days after receiving a rejection letter, it’s important to jump back into your college search as soon as possible. If you’re concerned about getting accepted to CU Boulder, it pays to have a backup plan. You might want to consider applying to some schools considered similar to University of Colorado–Boulder, including Colorado State University–Fort Collins and the University of Arizona. At , we’re passionate about helping students get the personalized support they need to attend their dream colleges. From helping students narrow down their college application lists to finding opportunities to maximize financial aid, we strive to make the process of applying to colleges more efficient while keeping stress levels low. To learn more about how we can help you achieve your goals, call today or join our Applications Program online .

Solution to Most of the Hardships Related to Monitoring European Research Paper

Solution to Most of the Hardships Related to Monitoring European Policy Formulation - Research Paper Example According to Delanty (1995, p. 125), the rights of a self-driven sovereign state does not require limiting the relationship within the trading blocs to operate freely. On this, he claims that nations are free to interact with other nations within a multinational state, without overlooking their relations. The facilitation may be achieved when the relationship between the parties involved, is mutual and no party intend to prejudice over the other, whatever the circumstance. Delanty (1995, p. 127) further claims if the condition is not taken seriously into consideration, political pressure is bound to develop, thus breaking the multinational states in question. Weiler (1999, p. 217) cites that it is the lack of defined nationalistic unity amongst member states that limits the prospects of EU economic, social, and political integration. There have been numerous efforts to forge an integrated European Union. The most vocal ones as seen by the European observers are, creating a common EU flag, citizenship, EU anthem, car number plates, Olympic Games, and history books. Most EU critiques argue that these are doomed to fail due to lack of national consciousness. The only binding factor is commonly shared public pooled money to be shared among the member states. He continues to argue that the EU is an idea by the European powerful nation, to coerce the less powerful nations within Europe to come together, but without full approval and endorsement, of the latter; making the whole process illegitimate and undemocratic (Weiler 1999, p. 278).

Employment relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Employment relations - Essay Example Employment relation is used to exist when an individual performs services or works under several conditions in return for salary or wage. It also can be defined as the obligations and rights created between employees and employers. Employment relations have three important faces, such as problem solving, science building and ethical. In the science building phase, employment relation assumes that labour markets are not perfectly competitive. In addition to this, employment relation scholarship also assumes that there are some conflicts of interests used to exist between employees and employers due some particular aspects, such as higher profits versus higher wages. The concept and root of employment relation emerged during industrial revolution. It has created modern employment relationship by generating large-scale industrial organizations and free labour markets. It is true that global societies wrestled with several massive economic, social and political issues. Now-a-days, the as pect of good employment relation has become necessary for each and every large and small organization as it is highly important to retail skilled and effective employees in this competitive global market place. The essay will critically analyze and evaluate the importance of employment relations to the successful organizations. It is true that several leading organizations in this world are trying to enhance effective relationship between the employers and employees in order to maintain their existing position in market pace. It is true that employment relations can be considered as a valuable part of industrial relations. Employment relations have its roots in the industrial relation. The concept of employment relation was emerged due to several industrial issues, such as long working hours, low wage rate of labours, abusive supervisory practice, and dangerous and monotonous work. High employee

Marketing Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Marketing Plan - Assignment Example The marketing objectives form the underlying base for the formulation of the 7Ps of marketing mix prepared for the product of Samsung Electronics. The report also includes an analysis of how the marketing strategies would be implemented in launching and marketing the Samsung Galaxy S2 in the market of the United States. The report is suitably concluded by an evaluation of the marketing strategies done in order to analyse and assess the expected impacts of the marketing strategies in the new market. The evaluation also includes an assessment of how the formulated marketing strategies can be profitable for Samsung Electronics and a short recommendation of how the marketing strategies can be improved for continued success. Samsung Group is a transnational conglomerate company of South Korea. It has its headquarters in Samsung Town in Seoul. The company has many supplementary and affiliated business among which most of them are under the brand name of Samsung and it is the largest business conglomerated in South Korea. In 1938, Lee Byung-chul founded the company Samsung. The company has diversified itself into many new directions like textiles, insurances, retail, food processing and securities. In 1960’s the company started its business in electronics industry. Samsung group was been separated into four business groups after Lee Byung-chul died in 1987. In 1983, the company started producing personal computers and in 1988 it started producing semiconductors and telecommunication devices and networks. Samsung was considered to be a producer of low end products that used to be cheap in comparison to the other costly Japanese products. The company was also known to produce reliable and products of high quality which made the company gain lot of popularity among the customers and also in the market. By the end of 1992,

The Doctrine of Precedent can be considered both a Blessing and a Essay

The Doctrine of Precedent can be considered both a Blessing and a Curse - Essay Example At the beginning of the thirteenth century, the concept of common law began to emerge. An internal system of courts was set up, with each community sharing the same laws. Judges traveled to the communities and followed the same rules, therefore making the laws enforced throughout common to all. To provide consistency between the communities, if a judge was making a decision about a case, and there was a case of the same nature that had been decided by a judge before it, they would be resolved in the same way, with the same ruling. That meant that the first judge to make a ruling on a particular case had made a law that judges in following cases (which were of the same nature) were obliged to follow. This still applies within the Australian legal system today. Courts are bound (within prescribed limits) by prior decisions of superior courts within the same State or Federal hierarchy. This is collectively known as the 'Doctrine of Precedent'. Judicial law is a large part of the Doctrine of Precedent. It is named judicial law because it is a law made by judges, which is to be followed by judges in subsequent cases. Whether or not a case is binding, is determined by two things; whether the preceding decision comes from a judge that is in an equal or higher rank than the judge deciding the case (this given the Latin term stare decisis, which means 'stand by decided'), and whether the relevant legal principles of the preceding case are the same or similar to the case in question. When dealing with precedent, judges and lawyers have to be able to break previous judicial decisions into two parts; the relevant legal principles that are binding, and the rest that is not binding. The part that is binding is given the Latin term ratio decidendi, which means 'reason for deciding' and the part of a judges decision that is not binding is given the Latin term the obiter dicta, which means 'incidental things said' and only has an incidental bearing on the case. The Doctrine of Precedent gives judges the power both to reuse past decisions and rephrase past decisions. As a consequence of these powers, new laws can be made. An example of a judicial precedent is the case Donoghue v Stevenson (1932). (Tufal, 1996) In which a decomposing snail was found in the bottom of a ginger beer bottle. The House of Lords found that a manufacturer owes a duty of care to the consumer to provide products that are safe. This case set a huge precedent for common law that is still relevant today, and the context of the word 'product' has been used not only in food products but also in cases including motorcycles and underwear. There have always been, and still, are many critics who do not believe that judges should have the power to make laws. There are many convincing arguments both for and against the use of the Doctrine of Precedent in Australia.

Aristolochic Acid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Aristolochic Acid - Essay Example 'Aristolochic acid is a rodent carcinogen found in the Aristolochia and Asarum species, both in the Aristolochiaceae family of plants such as the Aristolochia fangchi' [1]. Botanicals Known or Suspected to Contain Aristolochic Acid [4] Botanical Name* Common or Other Names Aristolochia spp. Aristolochia Guan mu tong Guang mu tong Aristolochia acuminata Lam. Syn. Aristolochia tagala Champ. Oval leaf Dutchman's pipe Aristolochia argentina Griseb. Aristolochia baetica Linn. Syn. Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. Aristolochia bracteata Retz. Ukulwe Aristolochia chilensis Bridges in Lindl. Aristolochia cinnabarina C.Y. Cheng & J.L. Wu Aristolochia clematitis L. Birthwort Aristolochia contorta Bunge Ma dou ling Tian xian teng Aristolochia cymbifera Mart. & Zucc. Mil homens Aristolochia debilis Siebold & Zucc. Syn. Aristolochia longa Thunb. Syn. Aristolochia recurvilabra Hance Syn. Aristolochia sinarum Lindl. Ma dou ling Tian xian teng Qing mu xiang Sei-mokkou (Japanese) Birthwort Long birthwort Aristolochia elegans Mast. Syn. Aristolochia hassleriana Chodat Aristolochia esperanzae Kuntze Aristolochia fangchi Y.C. Wu ex L.D. Chow & S.M. Hwang Guang fang ji Fang ji Mokuboi (Japanese) Kwangbanggi (Korean) Fang chi Kou-boui (Japanese) Aristolochia fimbriata Cham. Aristolochia indica L. Indian birthwort Aristolochia kaempferi Willd. Syn. Aristolochia chrysops (Stapf) E.H. Wilson ex Rehder Syn. Aristolochia feddei H. Lv. Syn. Aristolochia heterophylla Hemsl. Syn. Aristolochia mollis Dunn Syn. Aristolochia setchuenensis Franch. Syn. Aristolochia shimadai Hayata Syn. Aristolochia thibetica Franch. Syn. Isotrema chrysops Stapf Syn. Isotrema heterophylla (Hemsl.) Stapf Syn. Isotrema lasiops Stapf Yellowmouth Dutchman's... Aristolochic acid (AA) is a known genotoxic mutagen and is generally derived from plant extracts and is formed from aristolochic acid I (AAI) and aristolochic acid II (AAII), [20, 22, 17, 25] it is potentially carcinogenic to most rodent species [12, 13, 5, 25] and in humans [6, 15, 25]. The formation of DNA adducts by Aristolochic acid (AA) gives it it's mutagenic and carcinogenic properties, due to the process of reductive metabolic activation where both types of AA's (AA I and AA II) react with the nucleic acids adenine and guanine [18, 19, 25]. Specimen exists at New York Botanical Gardens. Tropicos does not list this species as a synonym for any Thottea species. Kew Gardens Herbarium does not recognize the genera Bragantia. Until additional information is obtained we will use the name as cited in J. Nat. Products 45:657-666 (1982) Using a laboratory-made pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) method set at the dynamic mode, Aristolochic acids I and II can be extracted from medicinal plants. If the intended extracts will be extracted from medicinal plants, spiking (addition of enzymes or other catalytic substances) will not be done, but ultrasonic and Sohxlet extraction will both be done to determine the accuracy of the techniques.

Identifying a Research-Worthy Problem Assignment

Identifying a Research-Worthy Problem - Assignment Example It is unfortunate that the school administrators who are charged with the responsibility of using school funds, either misuse, embezzle or abuse them. This has caused a lot of havoc to the ordinary American children who entirely depend on public education (Starr, 2014). Therefore, this paper will be about a research on the misappropriation of school funds by the public school administrators. Unlike private schools which are sponsored by their owners or supported by the fees levied directly from the learners, public schools need to get resources from the local, state and federal government. Without such interventions, they might not get money to use in running their day to day activities. The little money they get from tuition and catering services are not sufficient to sustain them throughout the year (Radin, 2006). Since each school has diverse needs and preferences, it would be better if their administrators are given an opportunity to have a direct control over their expenditure. They use such opportunities to identify priority areas and allocate them enough funds. According to the Department of Education, more than $500 of school funds have been misused, embezzled or abused since the year 1998. This has been proven by the unending scandals involving school principals and administrators since all along. Among these cases have been evidenced in schools like New Colonial High School, Kingsville High School and Springfield School in which the administrators were charged for stealing school funds. For instance, on her part, Olga Amaral of Springfield School, San Diego, was charged for using school money as gifts to her relatives and friends. Her action was so detrimental since it made the school to be unable to fully support its essential activities for which it was established. Although they are expected to be accountable for their school budgets, many of them can not effectively do so. This, in the long run, ends up affecting the

Gun Control Essay Example for Free

Gun Control Essay Guns kill many innocent people every year. Some states require permits for guns and some states do not. There are many laws put in to effect to control guns. The main two laws that will be covered in this essay are just and unjust laws when it comes to gun control. (A just law is a man-made code squares with the moral law.) (An unjust law is that is out of harmony with the moral law) meaning that the† unjust law is not a law at all. † People have always been interested in using weapons for various reasons. The Constitution legally established the right for any law abiding citizen to keep and bear arms, yet proponents of gun control wish to steadily erode this law through regulation and legislation. Some people collect gun as collectors while some use them for protection and others use them for hunting. The term gun control is just that, a steady relentless effort to seize control by chipping away at the edges of the law until is gone entirely. While some people oppose the idea, others claim that the government should introduce tighter gun controls. The first argument of the opponents of strict gun control laws is that most people own guns to protect themselves. They claim that guns are necessary for self-defense because the police are unable to stop violent crime. Opponents further maintain that citizens keep guns to feel safe and defend themselves and their families whenever the need arises. Therefore, gun control laws disarm only the innocent people who obey the laws. Gun laws can protect people while the  same law can get someone injured, due to self-defense. No law should ever be broken because they are here to protect the people, so they say. If everyone abided by this gun law there will be no one in jail for shooting someone. There has to be something out there to help everyone understand the significance of the gun law, but there are always the opposers that make everything hard to understand. How can someone protect their family if they  cannot have guns, but the enemy â€Å"law breaker† will get their hands on one and cause harm to someone or even to their self. By not being able to protect their family makes it hard for someone to abide by these gun control laws. Every man should be able to protect their home with a gun as long the guns is kept in a safe place with child proof locks on them. Another argument put forward by people who are against gun-control is that many people keep the guns for sport and recreation. According to the opponents, these gun-owners are responsible citizens who do not intend to harm anyone. They further say that shooting and hunting are sports which many people enjoy, and gun control take firearms from hobbyist and hunters. Hunters are just trying to provide food for their families as a result of the gun law their family might starve. No one ever think about things like that they only think about how someone can be injured or killed when it comes to guns. Shooting sports can be relaxing but the gun law makes them stressful. Guns can really be dangerous when it is put in the hand of the wrong person in wrong in the wrong mind frame; therefor gun laws affect everyone that deals with some sort of guns. Most people think that gun control is absurd due to the fact that everyone doesn’t think the same way. Most sportsmen is against gun control because before the law came about they was able to live free and not worry about the violence these guns was causing. Hunters can’t hang their guns in the back window of their pick-up truck no more due to the  control laws. There should be a background check done for everyone before buying a gun so everyone don’t have to suffer for someone else mistakes. Some hunters think that gun control laws are too stiff. Guns have been around for a long time and really had no restrictions on them now hunters and sportsmen have to pay close attention to these laws so they won’t go to jail. Hunters think the gun law is unjust, while everyone else thinks it is just. (An unjust law is no law at all) makes it hard to distinguish between a just law. Recreational use for gun can be harmful to if someone is using that gun for the first time. Going to the gun range can be a stress reliever for some people and target practice for others. Needless to say but everyone no matter of age or experience should know the gun law if they going to be using a gun. Although some people oppose gun control law, others support  the idea because it may reduce the crime and accidental shootings. The reason of gun control law claims that not owning a gun can decrease the homicide that is happing. They assert that most murder victims are killed by firearms. It is also maintained that in robberies and assaults, victims are more likely to die when the criminal is armed with a gun than when he has another weapon. Most rappers rap about killing so if the kids start listening to this music they will start trying to be like the rappers, because young listeners indulge into rap music. A gun can be purchased in my different places and that’s how kids end up with them. Another reason why people oppose the gun law is because if everyone was able to carry a gun most of these killing by guns would not be happing. People must protect their self at all time because these gun laws can be for or against anyone. Most homicides with guns involved lead to people going to jail because they think they are bigger than the law, people must learn that laws are here to protect citizens. Martin Luther King Jr was killed by a gun and he was a non-violent person. People should be more like Dr. King and use the (non-violent) approach to solve any problem. An unarmed person is prone to a homicide due to the fact they can’t protect them self against an armed individual with a gun. The gun law should help people instead of hurting them. Many crimes can be stopped if the people stop be selfish. Murders happen every day and everywhere but it’s up to the people to stop them or at least decrease the rate of them happening. Guns should only be used by the military at war time but not to kill just to scare. Many people know the law some just think that it is put into effect or pertain to the ones that committing these homicides. The effects of gun control also assert the stricter laws can prevent accidental shooting especially among children. Children have a tendency to play with their parent’s gun because they think it is a toy. Parents should always keep their firearms in a safe with a child proof lock in the trigger well of their gun. If all parents that own guns lock the guns up and keep it away from their kids there would be less school shootings. A lot of youngster can be easily influenced by violent video games and TV shows that promote violence, therefore the gun laws should be tighter. Most youths today rather are out in the streets with the  wrong crowd than at home learning how to prevent homicides or accidental death due to gun control. Kids don’t know right from wrong unless their parents teach them. A lot of kids lost their lives because the parents didn’t know how to secure their guns correctly. The gun law is people should know if they want to own a firearm. In order to reach out and get the attention of the youth there has to be more parents getting involved in their kids’ lives and teach them about these gun laws if they got gun in their homes. To sum up, the opponents of gun control believe that tighter laws restrict only people who use firearms for self-protection or recreation whereas those who are in favor of gun control  claim that guns cause more harms than benefits. However, it is obvious that gun ownership is very risky, so it is necessary for the governments to introduce stricter gun laws and educate people about the firearms. With stronger gun control laws, the crime and murder rates will most likely decrease all over the world. Gun don’t kill people it the people who is not gun law educated that kills people. The gun control law was put into effect to help the citizens not to kill off the population, but many people is still getting hurt or kill by someone pulling the trigger on a gun. Works Cited Cohen, Samuel, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† 50 Essays: A Portable Anthology. 3rd Edition Blackmore, Howard L. â€Å"Guns and Rifles of the World† Firearm Pictorial Works: 1965 Marsh, Pamela C. â€Å"Madison Firearm Dealer Sentenced† Tallahassee, Florida 30 April 2014. (newspaper) â€Å"Guns Guns† April 2013. (magazine)

History of Riots of Los Angeles

History of Riots of Los Angeles For years, Los Angeles, California has been the home of social mayhem. From gang rivalry and racial injustice to job discrimination and police brutality, L.A. has earned one of the most menacing reputations on the West Coast. As a result of racial injustices, poor education, and high unemployment rates, riots are not strangers of L.A. Two of the most well known riots of L.A. are the Watts Riot and the Rodney King Uprising. Both riots were immediate reactions to police brutality. Now, when I hear the word riot, I think of a duration of about two days, three at the most. These two riots, however, lasted five and six days, respectively. Lets take a trip back in time. First, to 1965, which was the year of the Watts Riot. Then, well travel forward in time to 1992, the year of the Rodney King Uprising. The following events are recounted from a nurse, Ms. Robbie Wroten, who provided medical care to residents during these events. It was around 7:15 pm on August 11, and Ms. Wroten was preparing dinner for her three children. On the stove was a pot of green beans, a pot of mashed potatoes, and a frying pan with hot grease, ready to fry chicken. Theres a frantic knock at the door. It was Eli, one of Ms. Wrotens neighbors, coming to tell her that Mark, Marquette Frye, had been arrested. And it wasnt just Mark. It was also Marks brother, Ron, and their mother. The isles that warmed the mashed potatoes and the green beans now provided no heat. The grease that was prepared for the chicken was quickly poured back into its container. In a house coat and worn out bedroom shoes, Ms. Wroten rushed down to the corner of the street, just in time to see a mother and her two sons put in police cars. Surrounding the many police cars were angry residents of Watts, who had no problem expressing their disapproval of the family arrests. Its only cuz they black, Ms. Wroten recalled hearing. They didnt do nothing wrong, another per son yelled. And then, it started. A young African-American male picked up the largest rock he could find and hauled it at one of the police cars driving away. As more and more onlookers began to throw objects, Ms. Wroten ran back to her home and locked her doors. Praying for an end to the actions outside, Ms. Wroten continued to cook her dinner. The next morning, Ms. Wroten woke up to advisories to stay indoors. She kept her children home from school. Later that day, Ms. Wroten had learned, from sources in the community, that what had happened the night before was only the beginning. News reports that night made residents of Watts aware that armed forces had been alerted and would be called into action immediately. Ms. Wroten called her younger sister to advise her to stay indoors. As she explained to her children what was going on, she prepared herself for what was about to happen. By the third day, August 13th, residents were rioting all over Watts. Stores were vandalized, buildings were burned, and citizens were injured. Ms. Wroten was called to provide medical attention to residents. As she immersed herself into the crowded chaos, she found it hard to move from one place to another without witnessing glass bottles with fire-burning paper inside thrown into store windows. She looked to the left of her, and she saw people stealing whatever they could get their hands on. To her right, policemen were struggling to sustain one of the looters caught trying to steal a radio from an appliance store. There were mostly privately owned businesses that were burned. The rioters sought out to aim at white business owners and those who they felt had personally discriminated against them. All around her, there was smoke from the burning buildings, soot from the fire extinguishers, and injured people lying on the ground. Equipped with a first aid kit from the hospital, Ms. Wroten began to help those that she could. She wrapped gauze around gushing wounds, applied sterile bandages to first degree burns, and applied antibiotics to surface cuts. Running back and forth between the hospital and the streets of Watts, she bought oxygen masks for those who were too weak to breathe and carried children to safe homes. Then, she went around from house to house, making sure that the women and children were doing fine. She recalled having to console one woman who thought that her son might have taken part in the rioting and the vandalism of one of the stores. Going to check on her own children, whom she had taken to her sisters house, Ms. Wroten witnessed residents fighting police, residents attacking white motorists, and residents who were preventing firefighters from putting out some of the fires. These, and similar, events continued throughout the day. At one point, Ms. Wroten recalls being unable to recognize herself when she looked in one of the few glass windows that had not been broken. Soot covered her entire body, from her hair to her shoes. She thought to herself, Its hard enough just trying to survive out here. How in the world could someone be concerned with stealing things from a store? As the night came, more and more armed forces appeared on the scene, attempting to control the rioters. Fire brigades were trying to put out fires, while guardsmen attempted to restore order in the streets. By the fourth day of the riots, officials were everywhere. The government had established a curfew to keep people from coming outside. Ms. Wroten recalls government officials standing in front of houses to ensure that no one disobeyed the rules of the curfew. It worked. By Sunday, August 15, the officials had finally gotten the riots under control. Fires, vandalism, and looting had all ceased. Millions of dollars worth of damage were left as a result. Five years after the Watts Riots, Ms. Wroten recalls that the neighborhood was still scarred from the events of 1965. Burned buildings that were once prosperous before the riots remained bleak. Lots remained empty, and hope of restoration subsided. Many people left Watts, either in search of better living conditions, or afraid of a reoccurrence. Ultimately it was identified that the arrest of the Frye family was not the solitary reason of the Watts Riots. Some underlying reasons were high unemployment, inferior living conditions, and poor schooling. Little efforts were made to change these attributes, and therefore, Watts still has many of these issues today. In 1992, Ms. Wroten witnessed another riot in South Central, L.A., the Rodney King Uprising. Rodney King, an African-American male, had been violently attacked by four white police officers shortly after he led police on a high speed chase. The beating had been caught on tape. Charged with assault and use of excessive force, a jury, which was predominantly white, acquitted the police officers. The riots began shortly after the verdict was passed. Ms. Wroten remembered being on her way to work when the riots began. She described the scene as a war zone. She noted that, contrary to reports and popular belief, African- Americans were not the only participants of the riots. She said that there were many Hispanics causing upheaval as an outcry of the discrimination they were subjected to. As is the case with the Watts Riots, there was not solitary reason for this uprising. The once all African-American community was threatened by the newly inhabitant Hispanic population. Residents were fu ll of anger and it was as if everyone felt discriminated against. Ms. Wroten also remembered the attack on Reginald Denny, which occurred about three hours after the riots began. In the words of Ms. Wroten, Reginald Denny was in the wrong place at the wrong time. He was a truck driver who was making a delivery a few blocks away from where he was dragged out of his truck and attacked by a gang of residents. He was hit in the head with concrete and cinder block until he was unconscious. This attack happened as a result of the hatred toward the White population in Los Angeles. Though she did not witness the Fidel Lopez beating, she was told about it. Lopez was attacked minutes after Denny had been rescued. He was also pulled from his truck and attacked. He was robbed of a substantial amount of money. His head had been cracked open by a car stereo, and one of his ears was partially cut off. Then, the whole front side of his body was spray painted black, including his genitals. Ms. Wroten believes this attack was geared towards the Hispanic community. Similar to the Watts Riots, she witnessed looting, vandalism, and stores being set afire. She recalled the military coming into the community to restore order. They established curfews and prevented residents from travelling at will. For a while, no one could leave or enter South Central, Los Angeles, for fear that another riot would ensue. She comments that unlike the Watts Riots, the community rebounded quickly. Within about a day of military authority, the riots were over and the angered community began to return to a peaceful one. She and most of her family attended the peace rally that was held on that Saturday. She said she was very glad to see how many people were in attendance. She described it is a whole bunch of people. Though the riots were declared over by the sixth day, there were still a few random acts of violence and threatening incidents that occur a couple days after. For this reason, the National Guard remained present in South Central for another two weeks. Historically, Los Angeles, California has suffered from poor education, high unemployment, racial injustices, and police brutality. Even today, some of those conditions have not changed. Los Angeles is still attempting to recover from the tragedies that happened years ago. They say that history repeats itself, but this is one instance in which I really hope it doesnt. I hope that twenty years from now, when I assign my students this project, they will be able to report that Los Angeles has made a complete turnaround, and that the things of the past, stay in the past.

The Inaccessible Inner Life of Wakefield Essay -- Wakefield Stories Es

The Inaccessible Inner Life of â€Å"Wakefield† â€Å"All these—all the meanness and agony without end I sitting looking out upon, See, hear, and am silent.† –Walt Whitman We are presented with a piece of gossip of a man named Wakefield who leaves his wife for twenty years to live in a house the next street over. If this story were workshopped in a present-day fiction writing class, it would be argued that this story has interesting elements but is not, as a whole, an interesting story-- that the story lies within Wakefield’s motivation for leaving or within the reaction of Wakefield’s wife upon the return of her presumed-dead husband, or that the point of view ought to be reconsidered in order to tell the full story. Much of contemporary fiction attempts to tell the story that satisfies the collective urge to know another human being entirely, to finally understand another person’s story. The story of â€Å"Wakefield,† however, admits in the Puritan vein that the story we all want to know is actually unknowable, and can only be imagined. Through examining the whims of others in fiction, the meaning that can be extracted, however universal it may seem coming from the voice of the narrator, is in the end a projection out of our own selves. â€Å"Wakefield† is not about the narrator, the curious plotline, or even about Wakefield himself. â€Å"Wakefield† is about the telling of these things. The first sentence presents the entire plot of â€Å"Wakefield,† obtained from â€Å"some old magazine or newspaper,† stating from the beginning that the story that follows is not only based on heresy but is, in fact, entirely heresy itself. Why would a reader continue reading when the ending is spoiled in the first line and the story is admittedl... ...ng in our lives, and we prove it by finding meaning in his. With his grand conclusion, the narrator warns us that if you step outside the norms of a system, you may become the Outcast of the Universe. But what is it that really makes Wakefield the Outcast of the Universe? Perhaps every man is the Outcast of the Universe when the community attempts to interpret his whims. Why write a story that cannot be told? Why read a story that cannot be told? To feel as though one can tell a story, that one can read a story and be one with a narrator, to feel united, and yet to know, on some level, that we all are Outcasts of the Universe. It is both terrifying and comforting to realize that the community, united and whole, in which we pretend to reside, is in fact a faà §ade for the community of outcasts that struggle to find meaning in one another in order to survive.

Environmental Law Essay -- essays research papers

Nollan vs. CCC Abstract of: 483 U.S. 825, 97 L. Ed.2d 677 James Patrick Nollan, et ux., Appellant v. California Coastal Commission. Case Definition: The case is Nollan versus the California Coastal Commission. The Nollans were the appellates against a decision made by the California Coastal Commission (CCC). The Nollans had been leasing a property on the California coast with which they had an option to buy. The property lies directly at the foot of the Pacific Ocean and is a prime piece of real estate on the California Coast. The property had been used by the Nollans to rent out during the summer months to vacationers. At the end of the Nollans’ lease they took the option to purchase the land and began preparing for the terms of purchase by the previous land owner. Among those terms was the demolishing of the small deteriorating bungalow that the Nollans had been leasing. The Nollans had planned to expand the structure from the small bungalow that it was to a three bedroom house more complimentary to the surrounding homes and their needs. In order to begin destruction of the property and begin rebuilding the site the Nollans had to secure a permit from the California Coastal Commission. Upon submitting the permit application, the CCC found that the permit should be granted on the condition that the Nollans provide public access to the beach and to the local county park, which lay adjacent to the property. This provision called for the Nollans to use a portion of thei...

American Financial Crisis Essay -- Economics Economy

The US Financial System: A Crumbling Empire The financial system has been crucial to the role of free enterprise. â€Å"Financial markets have come to supply non-financial corporations with mechanisms for managing their risks and for comparing and evaluating diverse investment opportunities in a highly complex global economy† (Cindin, 2008). â€Å"However, despite the lifetimes it took to build our financial institutions, bad luck and careless risk management have jeopardized careers and mortgaged these institutions’ futures†(Wallace, 2008). The nation is currently attempting to deal with the biggest financial crisis since the Great Depression. It is now imperative that a way be found which will re-regulate finance without undermining finance’s needed innovative capacity. The origin of the financial crisis can be dated back to 2006. During that period in time, companies began buying trillions of dollars of complex financial products called ‘structured credit derivatives’. The value of these derivatives quickly escalated to over one-hundred trillion dollars due to the high demand from banks around the world. â€Å"These paper investments were supposedly backed by loans on houses, cars, businesses, and credit cards† (Francis, 2008). Nevertheless, several issues have erupted from the sale of these paper investments. The production and trading method for derivatives is unclear, and no one really knows what credit risk is transferred to whom. Basically, banks were fighting over assets with questionable values. Even though the sale of derivatives has disrupted our economy, it is not the primary reason for which the financial system is now in distress. The reckless selling of mortgage loans has lead to the eventual breakdown of our financial... ..., Jane & Francis, Theo. The Financial System Bailout: Deal or No Deal? (2008). Business Week. Retrieved November 2, 2008, from http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/sep2008/db20080925_596844.htm Solomon, Deborah & Crittenden, Michael & Paletta, Damian. US Bailout Plan Calms Markets, But Struggle Looms Over Details (2008). Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 2, 2008, from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122191819568460053.html?mod=googlenews_wsj Stewart, Heather. IMF Says US Crisis is Largest Financial Shock Since Great Depression (2008). Guardian News. Retrieved November 2, 2008, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2008/apr/09/useconomy.subprimecrisis Wallace, Michael. Wall Street Talks: What the Bailout Means (2008). BusinessWeek. Retrieved November 2, 2008, from http://www.businessweek.com/investor/content/sep2008/pi20080922_128934.htm

Rahming Giovanni

Rahming 1 Giovanni Rahming Ms. Joan Norman English 119 29th March, 2010 Causes of Childhood Obesity At some point in life, every parent has told their child to eat their vegetables. Most children ignore this request, however they should oblige. Obesity among children is becoming more and more common in today’s society and many people are wondering why. In 2006, then Minister of Health Dr. Marcus Bethel stated in the House of Assembly that 65% of adult Bahamians are overweight and 23% of children and teenagers between the ages of 11 and 20 are overweight.He stated that this was a 10% increase over the previous year in terms of children and teenagers. The percentage of adults who were overweight only went up by 5%. These figures were calculated in the year 2006. It is now 2010 and those figures have probably doubled. This major increase in childhood obesity was brought about by a multitude of causes. Some of these are lack of exercise, poor diet and genetic predispositions. Befo re one can examine the causes of obesity, one must understand what obesity is.The Centre For Disease Control describes obesity as a medical condition which involves the accumulation of excess body fat to the point where it is a risk to the general health of the person. Being obese should not be confused with being overweight. If a person is overweight it Rahming 2 simply means that the person has gained more weight than is necessary. It is not a direct threat to the general health of the person but it should still be taken seriously. Before a person can become obese he/she must first be overweight.It is the first step on the way to becoming obese and a step that many children in the Bahamas have already passed. Lack of exercise is one of the main reasons for obesity in children and teenagers. It is recommended that one should engage in at least thirty minutes of vigorous exercise per day. Unfortunately, this is not the case concerning most children in The Bahamas. In a recent broadc ast news program, Minister of Health Dr. Hubert Minnis stated that children and teenagers are beginning to surpass adults in terms of the obesity level in the country.Parents are directly responsible for this because they don’t encourage their children to exercise. If you drive around New Providence during the evening hours and look on the sidewalks, you will see people jogging or walking. Most of these people are elderly or middle aged adults who are only walking because they received some threatening news from their doctor. Children are hardly seen jogging, walking or outside on the whole. Technology has come so far that people don’t have to go outside hardly at all these days. Regardless of this fact, parents need to step up and get their children to exercise.In an article in the Nassau Guardian, a few tips were given on how to encourage children to be more active and it was suggested that the parent’s participation would be the best way. It stated, â€Å"Tu rn off the television, shut down the computer and drag the kids outside if you have too. † Challenging them to a game usually works well. When parents go walking or jogging in the evening they should encourage their children to come with them. This way the whole family can get exercise and stay healthy. It has been proven that habits developed at a young age will carry Rahming 3 n into adulthood. If children get used to exercising everyday they will continue this habit into their adult years. Thus this problem of childhood obesity can be partially solved if parents would just exercise with their children. Working out is not the only way to combat this problem of childhood obesity, a healthy diet is essential as well. It is perhaps more important than exercise and is something that most children do not have. A healthy diet consists of the correct amount of carbohydrates, protein and fats. These nutrients are needed to maintain a healthy lifestyle.Most children get these nutrien ts; the problem is they take in too much of one type and not enough of another. For example they consume very large amounts of protein but not enough carbohydrates. This extra protein is then changed into fat and stored resulting in excess weight. Another nutrient that children consume too much of is fats. Believe it or not fats are needed but only in small amounts. The large amounts of candy and sugars that kids eat cause them to gain weight at an alarming rate. Adding to this, fast food makes up the majority of the diet of most of the children in The Bahamas.They get no nutritional value and simply gain weight. If children consume more vitamins from vegetables in their diet, they will be a lot healthier and less obese. The complaint with most children is that vegetables taste horrible, which some do. The way to get around this is to make the children eat their vegetables without them knowing they are eating healthy. They can be hidden in soups, casseroles or even sandwiches as lon g as the dish looks as if it has no vegetables in it. A lot of parents wonder why their obese children act depressed or withdraw themselves from other children their age.The answer is their obesity is affecting their emotions and behavior. Research has proven that children whom are obese tend to be more depressed and antisocial than Rahming 4 children who are at a normal weight level. This just adds to the stress and challenges obese children have to face on a daily basis and it is also one of the reasons why losing weight is so difficult for them. If they feel depressed all the time then they won’t have any energy to exercise. These emotional problems seem to prove the statement of Nutritional Consultant Charlotte Skiles to be true.She said: â€Å"The food that we eat affects the structure of the body and thus it affects the function of the body. These functions don’t have be just physical but psychological as well. Psychological effects of obesity can include depres sion, withdrawal, lack of energy, loss of enthusiasm, anger and anti-social behavior. † People tend to blame obesity on a lot of things; the reason they often fail to mention is genetics. Many people don’t know or understand that some children are just designed to be obese because it was passed along in their jeans.The Center for Disease Control reports that scientists have linked one hundred and twenty seven jeans in the human DNA system to obesity. These jeans cause some children to gain weight without excessive eating or lack of exercise. Also some children are born obese and continue to gain weight as they become adults. Children who are obese because of genetic causes find it most difficult to lose weight. The best way they can do this is try to slow down the amount of weight they gain by eating a well balanced diet and exercising.In the Bahamas, childhood obesity is not the most talked about disease but it is evident that it is on the rise. Children are becoming l ess active, fewer kids are seen playing outside and slowly the youth of the country are becoming bigger and bigger. Because of the lack of parental Rahming 5 encouragement, children eat what they please and do not get the essential vitamins and minerals they need. Instead all they get is sugar and thus fat. Then they don’t exercise which is the major reason why obesity is on the rise in the country.Even those with genetic predispositions can eat healthy and exercise to try and control their weight. However the majority of Bahamian children whom are obese do not have genetic predispositions. All they need to do is eat right and exercise to put a real dent in the obesity level in the country. The youth of a country is its future and an obese nation does not bode well for any country.Works Cited â€Å"Childhood Obesity Caused By Lack of Exercise. † Medical News Today 2004. 16 Mar. 2010 â€Å"Getting Your Kids To Exercise† Nassau Guardian 5 May. 2005 16 Mar. 010 Int erview with Dr. Hubert Minnis. Bahamas Tonight. ZNS Network. 28. Feb. 2010 Kopland, Jeffery. , Koraak, Vivicka. , Liverman, Catharyn. , eds. Preventing Childhood Obesity, Health In The Balance. Washington D. C. , 2005 Obesity and Genomics 2005. Center For Disease Control 23 Mar. 2010 Skiles, Charlotte. Effects Of Poor Diet In Children 2009. 16 Mar. 2010 Thompson, Lindsay. Minister of Health Encourages Fight Against Obesity. 2008 26. Mar. 2010 Thompson, Zandra. Obesity As A Risk Factor For Disease. 2006 26. Mar. 2010

Proctor, hero or Villain? Essay

Proctor chooses the easy way to escape troubles, as it is a chance to avoid facing up to his responsibilities. He put his own reputation above the well being and happiness of his family. As he cries out â€Å"Because it is my name because I cannot have another in my life† Which finally shows that proctor is apprehensive towards his reputation in the community more than anything else. It is now visible that proctor is showing definite signs of being a villain and not of a hero. It is clear that john has committed the crime of lechery however when approached by Abigail again, john rejects her advances despite her insistence he is determined to remain loyal and faithful to his wife, despite Abigail’s reminders of the past. â€Å"Give me a word john. A word† â€Å"No, no Abby. That’s done with. â€Å"Abby, You’ll put it out of mind. I’ll not be coming’ for you more† Which indicates that proctor clearly regrets his past with Abigail and wants Abigail to put it out of mind. As john regrets his affair with Abigail he tries to make amends to gain Elizabeth’s trust. The attempts to please Elizabeth are clear, as is shown when the compliment about the cooking and his promise to buy George Jacob’s cow Proctor replies to the taste of the rabbit â€Å"It is well seasoned† â€Å"If the crop is good I’ll buy George Jacob’s heifer. How would that please you? † This implies that john is determined to gain Elizabeth’s forgiveness. Despite the fact that Elizabeth has forgiven him. John struggles with forgiving himself, this suggests a more strong conscience on proctors part, and attribute more readily founding in a hero not a villain. Although Proctor seems to dislike reverend parris thought the play. It would appear he had valid reasons. Reverend parris does indeed appear selfish hypocritical and obsessed with financial gain. Upon discovering Abigail’s disaperance, Parris is more concerned with the loss of his money than the fact that his niece has absconded as he clearly shows as he replies to Danforth, â€Å"Thirty one pound is gone. I am penny less† Proctor sees through Parris’s charade, whilst the rest of the village appear to be blinded. It is proctor who recognises and voices the fact that people seeking revenge walk the town Salem and not the devil. Proctor attempts to warn the village he does not keep this information to himself theses are clear actions of a hero an a attempt to save those who even would not be saved John Proctor may not have attended church for the last seven months but he has good reasons for his absence. Notably, his wife Elizabeth had been sick and proctor being a dutiful husband he turns his total devotion to care for her well being. John is conscious of his absence and ensures hale that he. â€Å"Surely did come when he could and when he could not he would pray in his house† Proctor has also been dutiful regarding his responsibilities to the church. He has made his contribution as he has â€Å"Nailed the roof upon the church and hung the church door† proctor can now be seen in a new light, his acts of helping the community show that Proctor cannot be classed as a villain but a hero. Even though Proctor realises that admitting to his act of adultery with Abigail will ruin his reputation, He does so in order to save his wife’s life. Proctor accepts what he has done and he is prepared to come forward to the court and face the consequences of his actions, the destruction of his â€Å"good name† To Danforth’ â€Å"It is a whore I have known her, sir. I have known her†. Quietly excepting his fate. Heroically He puts others first even when offered the life of his wife in return for dropping his charge against Abigail and the girls he considers the lives of the many and not him self, Such braveness in a man can only come from a hero not a villain. Proctor does not simply die for his name which he admits is already stained, he then later on in the book remembers his friends and suggest that if he confesses he will also be unfaithful to them as well as him self â€Å", And I sold my friends† â€Å"Beguile me not! I blacken all of them when this is nailed to the church the very day they hang for silence†. This quotation suggests that Proctor is afraid that if he confesses that he will also blacken the names of his friends. Proctor recognises that many people will innocently and needlessly die if he gives a false confession. A true hero puts aside his own needs in order to serve the greater good. Proctor is mostly concerned for his sons and the example he is setting them. â€Å"I have three children-how may I teach them to walk like men in the world† This quotation is saying that if he gives his confession he will be shamed as well as his sons, this courageous and heroic decision reveals that proctor is a caring family man that cares for his friends and puts other people first a type of man that cannot be classified as a villain in any respect. Conclusion It is difficult to establish whether Proctor is a hero or Villain. The evidence is contradictory; on the one hand Proctor can be seen as a villain for his wrong doings in the past which involved an affair with a teenage girl named Abigail Williams, This selfish and thought less action precipitates much of the chaos in Salem. Perhaps ultimately he is simply human and has made the mistakes of many. But on the other hand proctor can be seen as a hero to his wife and to his friends, this is shown near to the conclusion of the story when he confesses to the crime of lechery to save his wife and his friends when trying to prove that the girls are lying and it was pretence. In the opinion of the viewers of the book would like for proctor to be a courageous hero, but he only starts to show signs of this during the end of the book but if viewing it as a puritan in the Salem society proctor would seem to be a villain as the amount of evidence shown in the text Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

The Effects of Tourism in Menorca

1. Reasons why Menorca is a popular destination from the UK, Germany and Scandinavia: * With rising amounts of disposable income, tourists can afford to travel further on their holidays. This has also led to the demise of such British holiday resorts such as Brighton, Blackpool and Cornwall. * Also, the diminishing costs of flying due to budget airlines providing charter flights and the construction of a new airport with a longer runway coupled with the reduced time of flying to Menorca due to advances in Jet aircraft and the smoothness of arranging a holiday through Package holidays mean that flying to Menorca is less strenuous, more hassle-free and accessible than in the past. * The climate is more tropical because it is further south than the UK, Germany and Scandinavia. Also, due to the island's small size, no residency will be far from the beach. 2. The attractions for tourists as illustrated by figures 3.40 and 3.41: In Figure 3.40: * The white sand and clear blue sea- the coast. In combination with the climate, attractive for tourists that enjoy beach holidays. * The scenery – Menorca has a lot of forestry. It is much greener and lush than its Balearics. * Development one the sea front- means that there are hotels right on the seafront that allows excellent access for tourists that want a beach holiday. * A promenade along the coastline- means that tourists that wish to walk along the coast without walking along a beach full of people. By being on the edge of the forest, it encourages people to take an interest in the environment and allows people who want ‘quiet recreation' to pursue their desired activities. Figure 3.41 * The harbour is an attraction for tourists. * The open-air cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ by the water provides a relaxing stop for the tourists. * The boats indicate that water ports are an appealing past time for holidaymakers. 3. The jobs that will have been created by the tourists will be: * Craft and retail industries will have increased custom due to increased population. * Services industries eg. Food production, builders, restaurants, cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s, hotels, taxi drivers/car hire * Airports will produce jobs for local communities * Civic services will employ more people to sweep towns etc. 4. When tourists bring money to Menorca, parts of the income proceed through taxes to the government, who spend some of the money on public services (eg. Better roads, hospitals, redeveloping downmarket areas etc.) This money then encourages more people to come to the country that brings even more money in through taxes that can be spent on public services. This is repeated over and over. 5. Menorca attracts few tourists during November-April due to two things: i. The climate. During the winter months, the temperature is rarely above 15OC. Also, the monthly rainfall for the 6 winter months averages at 5.5 mm. This is compares with an average temperature of 27OC during the peak summer season – June, July and August. In these three months, the average rainfall is 1.3 mm. The less attractive climate during the 6 winter months means that holidaymakers going for ‘sun and sand' will be more likely to go during the three summer months (June, July and August) than during the winter months. ii. The other reason is that most families go on holiday in summer due to school holidays and booked absences from work. This also ties in with part I). Holidays in the summer are more convenient from an organisation view, and provide the best weather. 6. The problems caused by the influx of tourists to the island are: iii. The lack of income during the winter due to the decrease in tourism. iv. The local environment. The tourists will leave more litter, lead to an increase of pollution due to the industrial expansion that is needed to provide a good service to the tourists. The tourists will also damage things such as the woodland, and the animals to which the woodland is their habitat by trekking through the greenery. Also, room is needed to expand the countries' infrastructure, which could well lead to deforestation. v. The cultures of the local Menorcans will be diluted by the import of foreign cultures. Eg. Cuisine, language, currency, music and manners. 7. The disadvantages and advantages of the use of the local language, Minorqui are: Advantages: The preservation of the local culture, and to make sure that the local population do not get too disillusioned with the measures taken concerning local tourism Disadvantages: Is not helpful to tourists, who could find it hard to understand the happenings in Menorca. This could a factor that prevents tourists going to Menorca repeatedly, lessening sustainable tourism. Also, they may collect less revenue from advertising due to the lessened interest from companies trying to influence a foreign audience, who will not understand them. 8. To protect the environment, the Menorcan officials are: * Prevent buildings 250m from the coast can be no more than two storeys high. * A bridle path around the coast to encourage quiet recreation has been set up. * The UN have designated Menorca a Biosphere Reserve to acknowledge the natural environment of Menorca.

Organisational Culture Essay

Culture According to Kroeber and Kluckholn (1952) culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behaviour acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiment in artifacts. Sinha (2000) suggests that â€Å"Culture consists of totality of assumptions, beliefs, values, social systems and institutions, physical artifacts and behaviour of people, reflecting their desire to maintain continuity as well as to adapt to external demands.† Organisational Culture Organisational culture is a system of shared meaning held by members that distinguishes an organisation from other organisations. Organisational culture is the set of values that helps the organisation’s employees understanding which actions are considered acceptable and which are unacceptable According to Schein, Organisational Culture is defined as A pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as a correct way to perceive, think and feel in relation to those problems Gareth Morgan has described organizational culture as: â€Å"The set of the set of beliefs, values, and norms, together with symbols like dramatized events and personalities, that represents the unique character of an organization, and provides the context for action in it and by it.† Types of Organizational Culture Organisational culture can vary in a number of ways. It is these variances that differentiate one organisation from the others. Some of the bases of the differentiation are presented below : 1. Strong vs weak culture : Organisational culture can be labelled as strong or weak based on sharedness of the core values among organisational members and the degree of commitment the members have to these core values. The higher the sharedness and commitment, the stronger the culture increases the possibility of behaviour consistency amongst its members, while a weak culture opens avenues for each one of the members showing concerns unique to themselves. 2. Soft vs hard culture : Soft work culture can emerge in an organisation where the organisation pursues multiple and conflicting goals. In a soft culture the employees choose to pursue a few objectives which serve personal or sectional interests. A typical example of soft culture can be found in a number of public sector organisations in India where the management feels constrained to take action against employees to maintain high productivity. The culture is welfare oriented; people are held accountable for their mistakes but are not rewarded for good performance. Consequently, the employees consider work to be less important than personal and social obligations. Sinha (1990) has presented a case study of a public sector fertilizer company which was established in an industrially backward rural area to promote employment generation and industrial activity. Under pressure from local communities and the government, the company succumbed to overstaffing, converting mechanised operations into manual operations, payment of overtime, and poor discipline. This resulted in huge financial losses (up to 60 percent of the capital) to the company. 3. Formal vs informal culture : The work culture of an organisation, to a large extent, is influenced by the formal components of organisational culture. Roles, responsibilities, accountability, rules and regulations are components of formal culture. They set the expectations that the organisation has from every member and indicates the consequences if these expectations are not fulfilled. Mechanistic and organic cultures: The most important aspects of organisation in public sector companies include hierarchies, supervision, control, formalisation, flow of authority and communication from top to bottom, etc., rather than the results or outcome. Organisations with these characters are termed as mechanistic organisations. They follow status quo strategy and therefore resist innovation and aggressiveness on the part of employees. These organisations also lack customer-orientation and employee welfare. Tata Infotech, on the other hand, is more flexible and open. Jobs and roles are not defined rigidly and employees are given freedom to adjust themselves to the environmental requirement. Concern is more towards the outcome and results, but not the procedure or hierarchy. Communication in this company is more multi-directional. The informal communication is widely used. Decision-making is more decentralized. People with the ability to handle problems are given freedom to assume authority and responsibility. This company is a continuous learning organisation from the environment and such companies are termed as organic structures.† The mechanic culture de-motivates the competent people and leads to negative organisational culture and while the organic culture motivate the able employees to be competitive and innovative. Authoritarian and participative cultures: Authority to make the decisions is centralised at the top management level in Nagarjuna Fertilisers Limited. Consequently, the CEO of the company makes the decisions and informs them to the lower levels in the organisation. Such culture of concentration of authority and power at the central level is called authoritarian culture. Such a culture kills the initiative and innovativeness of the employees at different levels. In contrast, Cybertech Systems and Software decentralises the power and authority decision-making. In fact, employees are involved in decision-making. Communication flows not only from the top to bottom but also from the bottom to the top. Such type of culture is called participative culture. Participative culture encourages the employees to be innovative, aggressive and to take risks. Features of Organisational Culture The analysis of the above definitions indicate the following features of organisational culture Innovation and risk taking: ‘Innovation is the way of life in Microsoft.’ Innovation the key characteristic of Gillette Company.’ Companies encourage the employees to innovative and risk takers at different degrees. Attention to detail: ‘Employees in the Boston Consultancy Group are expected to be precise, analytical and pay attention to even the minor details.’ Thus, organisations require their employees to be precise, analytical and pay attention to the minute details at different degrees. Outcome orientation: ‘Coromandal Cements expects its employees to improve their performance at least by 5% every year irrespective of the approaches they follow.’ Thus the organisations require their employees to pay attention or the results. Pople Orientation: Hewlett and Packard announced one day unpaid holiday for every nine working days and avoided lay-off.’ Thus, the organisations take the effect its decisions on the employees.ei Team orientation: â€Å"Global Solutions repeats: â€Å"We Work.† It does mean that activities are designed around teams but not individuals. Thus, we today find team jobs rather than individual jobs. Aggressiveness: The employees of State Bank of India were not allowed to be aggressive whereas the employees of IDBI Bank are expected to be aggressive and competitive. Thus, aggressiveness is the level to which the employees are expected to be competitive rather than easygoing. Stability: Most of the Indian Universities still have the status quo strategy of maintaining the traditional values and beliefs of ‘Guru and Shishya’ parampara of Gurukulas Radical change: In contrast to the stability strategy, most of the organisations after 1991 have the growth, diversification and conglomerate diversification strategies. It is the degree at which the organisational activities emphasise growth and diversification Customer Orientation: Pizza Huts build relationship with the customers and then adapt aggressive marketing strategies. It is the degree to which the management decisions take into considerations the effect of outcomes on customers of the organization. indicates the consequences if these expectations are not fulfilled. Table 1.1 presents some of the components of formal culture and their implication for organisations.

Discovery Strategies for Self-expression and Persuasion Personal Statement

Discovery Strategies for Self-expression and Persuasion - Personal Statement Example Outline preparation often requires consideration of a variety of topics before sorting them out to select the very basic to the subject matter in question. Valerie also likes using regular outlines due to their structural nature. I agree with Valerie because an essay can lose focus if the writer does not adhere to a specific structure. A regular outline implies that there a definite structure consisting of the introduction, body, and conclusion (Kapai 31). I also conquer with Valerie concerning the differences between process and persuasive essays; in process essays, the write-only outlines the main facts, but persuasive essays require consideration of both sides before taking a stand. According to Kapai, giving due consideration to both sides of the argument portrays respect to other people’s views and limits fallacious conclusions during discussions (11).

Labor Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Labor Relations - Essay Example Economists are of the opinion that increasing the minimum wage will increase business costs. They, however, insist that these increased costs will be quite modest and easily absorbed through slight increases in productivity and prices of business products. Republicans seem to be inconsistent in their opinions concerning the issue of minimum wage increase. This is because some of them are in support of increasing the minimum wage, just not as consistently as the Democrats. The Republicans are hypocritical because those in support of an increase in the minimum wage condemn increased economic regulation by the government, same the other Republicans who oppose the increase in the minimum wage. On the other hand, conservatives avail a convincing argument against increasing the minimum wage. In their opinion, raising the minimum wage results in unemployment since it increases business’ prices and labor costs, which will in turn force unskilled workers off the market.Public pensions refer to contracts for fixed sums of money to be issued regularly to persons following their retirement from service. Publicly funded pensions are an example of unsustainable programs that have to be disregarded in the years to come. One thing that is certain is that systems and programs that are unsustainable have to go away and be replaced by more sustainable arrangements whether we are willing to accept this reality or not. Unsustainable public pensions have to be disregarded.

Treaty of Versailles and World War II Coursework

Treaty of Versailles and World War II - Coursework Example Designed to ensure peace, the psychological effects on the German people as a result of these terms produced the opposite effect as Germany was tossed into economic ruin. The conventional wisdom has always been that it was the outcome of the Treaty of Versailles that created a political situation in which another war was almost inevitable. This conclusion is an example of the desire of humanity as a whole to reduce the most complex situations down to the simplest explanation. By insisently focusing on this one aspect of the history between the two world wars of the 20th century, the multiple lessons to be gained that could reduce that possibility of such a thing happening run the risk of not only being discounted but even denied. The complex mechanism of history that served to foment the unique conditions that led to World War II include factors as varied as the stock market crash of 1929 and its impact on the willingness of many to embrace extremist answers to crushing economic unce rtainty, as well as unexplained reluctances of the part of governments to recognize and control the growing threat of fascist authority and Germany's blatant violations of many tenets of the treaty. The substantial impact of the Treaty of Versaille should not be ignored, but under different circumstances it alone would probably not have been enough to create a situation of inevitability. What has become inevitable is that the terms of the treaty are blamed for creating economic fear and uncertainty in Germany that produced a psychological mindset in the nation that made them much more susceptible to the message of Hitler and the National Socialists. Lost admit this certainty of a correlation between divergent events, however, is that Germany was hardly alone in suffering devastating economic conditions during Hitler's ascension to power. The impact on the inevitability of World War II by the 1920 stock market crash thousands of miles away from Berlin cannot be underestimated (Redlich, 1999, p. 85). This event brought the boom market of the Roaring Twenties to an immediate halt not just in America, but around the world. While it is true that Germany suffered tremendously, so too were other major players in World War II affected. The greatest impact of the economic uncertainty engendered by the stock market collapse was not relegated to economic viability such as the inability to conduct necessary trade, but to political opportunism. The massive loss of jobs and income threw many people around the world into abject poverty, and with poverty comes despair, and with despair comes the willingness to look for an answer out. The Great Depression created the perfect opportunity for extremist or radical ideas to flourish. The 1930s saw the rise in power of proponents of both communism and fascism, each of whom promised a way out of hopelessness (Blum, 1998, p. 31). This hopelessness presented especially ripe opportunities for those who had been most devastating by the Treaty of Versailles and the loss of World War I. The fascists in Italy quickly gained support by appeals to nationalism by being quite capable of pointing the finger toward America and England as the cause of their misery. It was the rampant capitalism and the power of the banks and the blind greed that had thrown the world into turmoil. Promises of prosperity and the

ENERGY WEDGES Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

ENERGY WEDGES - Lab Report Example Lastly shifting to bio fuels seems as an easy way of reducing carbon emission The world yearns to reduce carbon emission especially after Kyoto protocol and Copen Hagan reports were released. Environmentalists and human rights activists are putting pressure on countries that are producing high carbon energy on the environment to reduce or pay heavy fines with the aim of reducing carbon emission for sustainable development. Our energy wedge is based on conservation of green resources and use of renewable sources of energy as a means of conservation. Nuclear wedges comes in second as a means of preventing of cutting carbon emission by half by the year 2055. Nuclear energy is capable of producing a lot of energy but is not widely used since it possesses high risks to the environment. The above two wedges are good ways of producing energy without production of carbon. (Wardlaw, 2009). A growth rate of 5.3% annually is projected in production of low carbon environmental goods and services (Nesta, 2009). There has also been tremendous increase in green jobs from 13 70 billion dollars from now to 2740 billion dollars by 2020, which is projected as a growth rate of 5.5% annually (Office, 2009). Due to the involvement of new technology while shifting from fossil energy sources to renewable sources of energy, it is expected that job creation will rise from 24% annually to 42% by 2020 (UNEP, 2007). The demand for low carbon activities is exceptionally high. The next wedge of conservation is efficiently producing electricity. Use of coal as a source of energy leads to production of about a fifth of worlds carbon. Conserving forests ensures that trees absorb carbon emitted and use it as a source of food production. Soil is also another form in which carbon products can be stored. This can be supported by planting cover crops and preventing soil erosion. Use of biofuels is believed to be cost

Summary about Oklahoma movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary about Oklahoma movie - Essay Example Despite the fact Laurey wants to show she does not care so much about Curly, she is in love with him. They finally decide to go together, but because Laurey is afraid of Jud she suddenly changes her mind. At the box-social, Curly pays the biggest price in a contest over Laurey’s food box. He has sold what he owned and was able to pay $42.31, quite a big sum for that time (the beginning of the 20th century). In three weeks, Curly and Laurey are to marry. Their merry event is overshadowed by Jud’s drunk intrusion. Jud breaks in and threatens his ex-rival with a knife. A brawl starts. Jud falls on his own knife and dies. Curly is acquitted of Jud’s murder and the newlyweds ride off on their exciting honeymoon. The second pair, Ado Annie and Will Parker, too, get married at the end despite Ado was about to change her mind. Specifically, Will wanted to marry Ado, but had to get the sum of $50 just because her father said so. When he returns from the fair in Kansas-city, he finds out that he has to compete for Ado’s affection with Ali Hakim, a Persian peddler. While Will was away, Ado fell for Hakim who was just flirtatious but did not mean to marry her. Ado’s father insists that Hakim marry Ado as he sees his flirt, at the same time Will has lavishly spent his $50 on gifts. Because Hakim, a ladies’ man, does not want to marry Ado and thinks it will be good if Will did, he pays him $50 for his presents, which is the way for Will to win Ado’s hand. Finally, Will and Ado get together to discuss their future prospects, i.e. their

Lawrence Paul Yuxweluptun - contemporary artist Research Paper

Lawrence Paul Yuxweluptun - contemporary artist - Research Paper Example The paper "Lawrence Paul Yuxweluptun - contemporary artist" concerns the art of Lawrence Paul Yuxweluptun. Now this kind of art is called propaganda. Many contemporary artists, though, are again turning to art as protest, incorporating political statements within the frames of their artworks and striving to encourage a more humanitarian, sustainable approach to modern life. Lawrence Paul Yuxweluptun is no exception to this group of artists, although he may be considered more political than most. Like many artists at work today, a great deal of Yuxweluptun's art can be associated with the popular culture movements, but it is also heavily informed by modern politics and ancient legends. To understand Yuxweluptan's work, such as "The Impending Nisga'a Deal," it is helpful to know some background information about the artist and the event that inspired the work. Yuxweluptun is a Native American, his father is from the Cowichan Salish and his mother from the Okanagan, which had a strong i mpact on his art. He was born in 1957 and grew up mostly around the Vancouver area of Canada, giving him a very contemporary, modern viewpoint to his family's ancient roots as they were heavily involved in tribal issues. "He is deeply connected to his heritage as a man of mixed Okanagan and Coast Salish ancestry but cannot separate himself from the larger, non-Native society in which he now lives. He is an urban Indian, trained at the Emily Carr College of Art and Design, and his art partakes of conflicting traditions.

Final Exam Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Final Exam - Article Example This implies that the approach offers a more holistic outlook of the presidency, noting that it takes different variables into account. The third advantage is that it explicates the historical changes in the boundaries of presidential power. The fourth advantage is that it explicates what the president is mandated to do – according to customs and law. The disadvantage of this approach is that the approach does not explain the activities and the roles that the president engages in, irrespective of the fact that it defines the roles that the president does not take. Secondly, this approach has little explanation of the reasons behind the roles of the president and the importance of the roles he takes – within the specified boundaries. This implies that the rationales underlying presidential duties are not explored under the model; therefore it limits the understanding of its audience. The psychological approach focuses on the psychological qualities of a president and the relationship between these qualities to his responsibilities. The advantages of this approach include that it explains what presidents do and the reasons behind these actions; it explains presidential conduct, decision-making; organization of staffs and outcomes, which expresses the importance of certain psychological qualities (Bowles, 1999). The second advantage is that it compels the audience to evaluate presidential candidates and office holders, on the basis of many areas, including their personal and personality attributes; this outlook offers a micro-perspective conception to the study of the presidency (Robert & Zeckhauser, 2011). The disadvantages of this approach include that it emphasizes the personality traits of presidents and does not offer attention to any other factors. The second disadvantage is that the approach does not pay any attention to the laws, the constitution, the customs and other significant sets of values and provisions, which are instrumental in the

Perinatal Challenges Essay Example for Free

Perinatal Challenges Essay Perinatal challenges during pregnancy and birth are associated with different varieties of diseases and complications, such as gestational diabetes and shoulder dystocia during birth. According to Gullotta, Adams and Ramos (2006), perinatal period commences during the 22nd week of gestation or after 154 gestational days (p. 392). During this stage, perinatal environment is exposed to different bodily changes associated to the bodily responses of the mother towards pregnancy. According to Ben-Haroush, Yogev and Hod (2003), gestational diabetes often progresses during perinatal periods wherein metabolic absorption of carbohydrates becomes impaired possibly due to insufficiency in insulin production, metabolic impairments associated to receptor malformations, and release of anti-insulin hormones (e. g. human placental lactogen, etc. ). As supported by Callahan and Caughey (2006), progressive occurrence of gestational diabetes may result to different complications during child birth, such as macrosomia, shoulder dystocia and neonatal hypoglycemia (p. 1). Specifically, shoulder dystocia is one of the most common complications associated with gestational diabetes. This is usually identified in cases wherein the mother encounters difficulty of childbirth due to problematic passing of the infant’s anterior shoulder (Gullotta, Adams and Ramos, 2006 p. 392). Shoulder dystocia and gestational diabetes are linked problems during pregnancy. As supported by Queenan, Spong and Lockwood (2007), perinatal occurrence of diabetes usually ends up in problematic infant’s size proportion, which eventually displaces the infant’s body parts in inappropriate positions during childbirth resulting to the difficulty of delivery (p. 179). Gestational diabetes is regarded as a prominent mortality contributor especially during perinatal periods wherein the development of the child is greatly compromised due to the metabolic impairments of the mother. According to Zazworksky, Bolin and Gaubeca (2006), â€Å"perinatal mortality, consisting of both fetal and neonatal deaths, is probably directly related to metabolic derangement in diabetic pregnancies† (p. 192). Perinatal stage of pregnancy, as with other periods of pregnancy, largely depends on the occurring environment inside of the mother. If the maternal metabolic glucose absorption and insulin levels are compromised, the infant’s development is therefore at risked of developing different complications associated to such condition. According to Hod, Javanovic and Di Renzo et al. 2003), gestational diabetes occurring during perinatal period results to four-fold higher mortality rates compared to those non-diabetic pregnancies (p. 431). Pregnancy complications resulting from progressive perinatal diabetes are the most difficult scenarios to deal with. Macrosomic or those proportionately enlarged infants are main problem caused by gestational diabetes. As supported by Goroll, Mulley and Mulley, Jr. (2006), gestational diabetes and the incidence of macrosomic delivery trigger increased risk for serious traumatic childbirth and the need for extensive cesarean section (p. 81). Traumatic complication of macrosomia induced by gestational diabetes is shoulder dystocia, which greatly increases the likelihood of cesarean section and birth trauma for normal section (Hod, Javanovic and Di Renzo et al. , 2003 p. 431). In this study, the emphasis mainly involve (a) the perinatal challenges brought by gestational diabetes and (b) the complications of child birth resulted by shoulder dystocia as a complication of gestational diabetes. Discussion Formally, the perinatal period commences after 22 completed gestation weeks and ends a fter seven days of post-delivery. Perinatal challenges in pregnancy involve different bodily conditions that can be life-threatening to both mother and the infant. World Health Organization defines perinatal period as the â€Å"period of prenatal existence after viability of the fetus is reached, the duration of labor, and the early part of extra-uterine life† (cited in Siegel, Swanson and Shyrock, 2004 p. 354). According to DeCherney and Goodwin (2007), life threatening complications of pregnancy are usually greatest during the perinatal period than any other stages of pregnancy due to variety of mortality causes (p. 188-189). As supported by Herbert (2003), the last three months of fetal life in the womb are considered the most vital stage of pregnancy due to the heightened sensitivity of the baby to the environmental health inside the mother (p. 44). One of the most common challenges faced during this period of conception is the metabolic disorder exclusive during pregnancy – gestational diabetes. The metabolic disorder during pregnancy, gestational diabetes, is an exclusive condition associated to impaired glucose absorption brought by the insufficiency of systemic insulin levels of the body (Callahan and Caughey, 2006 p. 105). Physical challenges and threats brought by gestational diabetes during perinatal period undeniably life-threatening and vital to the survival of both mother and child. According to Queenan, Spong and Lockwood (2007), gestational diabetes is considered a warning sign of gestation-induced insulin resistance (p. 179). Gestational diabetes is usually detectable on the early or latter weeks of perinatal period, which is approximately 24 weeks of gestation (Dudek, 2006 p. 290). The incidence and prevalence of gestational diabetes during the perinatal periods are statistically more pronounced compared to other periods of conception. According to Porth (2005), gestational diabetes occurs up to 14% of all pregnancies depending on the population and diagnostic procedures utilized (p. 998). As claimed by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2007), gestational diabetes occurs among the approximately 3% to 8% of females not previously diagnosed with diabetes. Added by the public organization Diabetes Australia (2004), incidences of gestational diabetes occurs more predominantly among (higher than 20%) aboriginal women compared to other ethnic diversities. Etiologies attributed to the increasing incidence of gestational diabetes are still unknown due to the unproven etiological propositions of gestational diabetes. However, different studies (Buchanan and Xiang, 2005; Langer, Yogev, and Most et al. , 2005; Rosenberg, Garbers and Chavkin et al. , 2003) have proposed their hypothetical explanation to the etiological nature of gestational diabetes itself. The first theory proposed by Buchanan and Xiang (2005) is associated with the genetic nature of the mother predisposing to her to gestational diabetes. As supported by Porth (2005), gestation diabetes is more prominent among mothers who have history of glucose intolerance or metabolic problems related to glucose absorption (p. 988). In the study of Buchanan and Xiang (2005), gestational diabetes is claimed to be the end-product of monogenic dysfunction of B-cells. Mutations in the mitochondrial DNA of beta cells trigger the autosomal mutations eventually causing beta cell dysfunction. Meanwhile, according to the study of Rosenberg, Garbers and Chavkin et al. (2003), gestational diabetes is triggered by lifestyle practices prior and during pregnancy. In the study, a total of 63. % of the total women in the heaviest group (weight: 300 lbs or 136 kg) have had incidence of gestational diabetes and other complications during pregnancy compared to the women whose weight range between 200 to 299 pounds (49. 8%). According to Callahan and Caughey (2006), another hypothetical explanation to the etiology of this condition is the release of placental hormone, specifically known as the human placental lactogen (a. k. a human chorionic somatomammotropin), which acts as an anti-insulin substances increasing the insulin resistance and generalized carbohydrate intolerance of the mother systemically (p. 05). Added by LeRoith, Taylor and Olefsky (2003), beta cells secretion of insulin is incapable of fully compensating the increasing bodily requisites of both infant and mother; hence, glucose intolerance results (p. 1295). If this glucose malabsorption continues, the mother’s body encounter severe rise of sugar levels inducing gestational diabetes, while the infant is considered at risk of experiencing hypoglycemia due to insufficient levels of insulin used for glucose absorption (Callahan and Caughey, 2006 p. 105). As supported by Porth (2006), gestational diabetes is more prominent during 24th up to 28th week of gestation, which is actually the perinatal period (p. 988). Compared to the normal pregnancy, mothers with gestational diabetes manifest decreased secretory activity, compromised insulin response per unit of glycemic stimulation and absence of insulin progressiveness (LeRoith, Taylor and Olefsky, 2003 p. 1295). Potential risks involved in gestational diabetes are the complications that may arise during perinatal periods. Continuous occurrence of gestational diabetes also predisposes potential problems during child delivery or the last seven days of perinatal period. According to Brown, Isaacs and Krinke et al. (2005), potential outcomes of gestational diabetes during perinatal period leads to the surge of insulin levels within the uterine environment, which eventually increases glucose reuptake of fetal cells converting them to triglycerides (p. 127). In such conditions, the infant develops dramatic fat deposits with increased body frame size and weight compared to the normal infant (4500 grams). As supported by Wehren and Marks (2004), the rise of blood glucose in the mother’s internal environment also increases the blood glucose levels circulating within the infant, which consequently places the child under the circumstance of neonatal hyperglycemia (p. 209). Aside from neonatal hyperglycemia, biochemical risks brought by gestational diabetes also include hypocalcemia, hyperbilirubinemia and polycythemia (Callahan and Caughey, 2006 p. 05). LeRoith, Taylor and Olefsky (2003) claim the frequency of acquiring gestational diabetes increases with progressive age and BMI conditions (p. 1295). Meanwhile, complications that may occur on the infant involve stillbirth risk, spontaneous abortion, macrosomia, neonatal hypo- and hyperglycemia, increased risk of developing insulin resistance and most commonly shoulder dystocia (Brown, Isaacs and Krinke et al. , 2005 p. 127). Treatment and diagnostic to the effects of gestational diabetes are crucial to the prevention and care of the pregnancy. Diagnostic procedures for gestational diabetes should be done at the end of the second trimester between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation (Callahan and Caughey, 2006 p. 105). Patients developing at least two associated risk factors should have their diagnostic screening at their first prenatal visit and during each subsequent trimester. Added by Joslin, Kahn and Weir et al. ), universal diagnostic procedure for gestational diabetes is also dependent on the series of identifiable factors, such as age of first pregnancy, body weight, history of abnormal glucose metabolism and racial or ethnic background, that place the mother in a series of more intensive tests (p. 1043). One example of these diagnostics involves a screening test consisting of 50g of glucose administration followed by glucose-plasma measurement one hour after the administration. If the results reveal 1-hour glucose level higher than 140 mg/dL, the implication is positive and the procedure called glucose tolerance testing is indeed necessary for the purpose of validation (Callahan and Caughey, 2006 p. 105). If the mother’s glucose level reveals positive result during the 1-hour glucose test, the individual is referred for 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test (GTT) in order to assess their carbohydrate metabolism levels (Hod, Jovanovic and Di Renzo et al. , 2003 p. 331). In this procedure, oral glucose of exactly 100 mg is given to the mother after the 8-hour fasting period preceded by a 3-day intensive carbohydrate diet. After the commencement of GTT, glucose is then measured three times every after an hour after the intake of dose. According to Hod, Jovanovic and Di Renzo et al. (2003), patients with plasma glucose of 126 mg/dl should have their blood glucose monitored for the next 24 to 38 weeks of pregnancy (p. 330). Added by Callahan and Caughey (2006), â€Å"if the fasting glucose or two or more of the postprandial values are elevated, a diagnosis of gestational diabetes is made† (p. 05). After the diagnosis, the mother is immediately placed under strict diabetic diet with 2200 calorie consumption a day including 200 to 220 g of carbohydrate serving per day (Zazworsky, Bolin and Gaubeca, 2006 p. 195). Diabetic diet is usually accompanied by recommended exercise in order to stimulate blood circulation. According to Callahan and Caughey ( 2006), if blood sugar values are already 25 to 30% elevated, insulin medications or oral hypoglycemic agents are usually administered (p. 106). With the continuous progression of gestational diabetes during the perinatal stage of pregnancy, another common perinatal challenge during childbirth is being predisposed shoulder dystocia. Maternal complications during continuous progression of gestational diabetes may also include increased risk of preeclampsia, pregnancy-induced hypertension, maternal obesity, and the increased risk of developing Type II diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes for subsequent pregnancy (Brown, Isaacs and Krinke et al. 2005 p. 127). In fact, in the study of Langer, Yogev, and Most et al. (2005), pregnant mothers diagnosed with gestational diabetes (n=555) have experienced pregnancy and childbirth complications, specifically macrosomia and shoulder dystocia. The rates of complication are found higher (59%) among those untreated mothers, while a smaller number of complicated cases (18%) occurred among those treated pregnancies. Shoulder dystocia is considered as an obstetric emergency with a very unpredictable nature. Such complication can be identified once the fetal head has already been delivered. The midwife or attending physician might encounter difficulties in delivering the shoulders most commonly due to the impaction of the anterior shoulder behind the pubic symphysis (Callahan, Caughey and Heffner, 2004 p. 69). Despite of its unpredictable nature, shoulder dystocia has been associated to different pregnancy complications that are considered as its potential predisposing factors, such as macrosomia, gestational diabetes and maternal obesity. According to Simpson and Creehan (2007), gestational diabetes is the nearest related risk factor of shoulder dystocia due to the larger body frames and marked anthropometric differences in infants of diabetic mothers (p. 329). Despite the emergent and life-threatening character of shoulder dystocia, Reichman and Simon (2003), considers this as a rare obstetric complication with a varying incidence rate of 1% to 4% of cephalic spontaneous vaginal deliveries (p. 1043). As supported by Simpson and Creehan (2007), shoulder dystocia occurs more prominently among macrosomic infants with weights of 5,000 g with an incidence rate of 70% to 60%. In the retrospective study of Ouzounian and Gherman (2005), among the 267,228 vaginal births during the study period from January 1991 to June 2001, reported cases of shoulder dystocia are only 1,686 (n=0. 6% of the total 267,228 sample). Meanwhile, in the earlier studies conducted by Nasar, Usta and Khalil (2003), among the 189 recorded deliveries, there are only 13 cases complicated by shoulder dystocia. According to Reichman and Simon (2003), cases with complication of shoulder dystocia are usually diagnosed during the actual birth itself unless radiographic imagery reveal inappropriate fetal positioning while still inside the uterine environment (p. 1043). Despite the many efforts of predicting the incidence or occurrence of shoulder dystocia, modern obstetrics are only able to determine the potential risk factors associated to this birth complication. According to Callahan and Caughey (2006), majority of the identified risk factors of shoulder dystocia are related to gestational diabetes itself and the accompanied symptoms (e. g. maternal obesity, macrosomia, etc. ) of the metabolic impairment (p. 79). Other associated risk factors of shoulder dystocia are the number of previous pregnancy, history of shoulder dystocia, overweight status of the mother and during assisted vaginal deliveries (Grady, Howell and Grady et al. 2007 p. 221). Meanwhile, intrapartum labor induction and prolonged second-stage labor are also being proposed as potential risk factors of shoulder dystocia (Simpson and Creehan, 2007 p. 328). Nevertheless, these risk factors are also inaccurate basis for predicting shoulder dystocia; although, many reported cases of shoulder dystocia have manifested at least one of these reported risk components (Reichman and Simon, 2003 p. 1043).